A for displaced in following the of 1994.An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more contending. While the source of the conflict may be, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic group's position within society. This final criterion differentiates ethnic conflict from other forms of struggle.Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought:,. Recently, several political scientists have argued for either top-down or bottom-up explanations for ethnic conflict. Intellectual debate has also focused on whether ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the end of the, and on devising ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as.
Tatu Vanhanen, Ethnic Conflicts Explained by Ethnic Nepotism. Scholars went to absurd lengths to argue that all group conflicts were class warfare. When this became obviously absurd, sociologists came up with the theory that ethnic conflict is a primitive vestige that disappears with modernization. Describing the major population groups.
So, while initially conflict theory described class conflicts specifically, it has lent itself over the years to studies of how other kinds of conflicts, like those premised on race, gender, sexuality, religion, culture, and nationality, among others, are a part of contemporary social structures, and how they affect our lives. World Scientific News 42 (2016) 156-166.161- interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, and the number of refugees and displaced persons. Indeed, some scholars have questioned whether the concept of ethnic conflict is useful at all.
Contents.Theories of causes The causes of ethnic conflict are debated. Explanations generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist, and constructivist. More recent scholarship draws on all three schools. Primordialist accounts Proponents of primordialist accounts argue that 'ethnic groups and nationalities exist because there are traditions of belief and action towards primordial objects such as biological features and especially territorial location'.
Primordialist accounts rely on strong ties of among members of ethnic groups. Argues that this kinship 'makes it possible for ethnic groups to think in terms of family resemblances'., a founding scholar of primordialism, asserts that each person has a natural connection to perceived kinsmen. In time and through repeated conflict, essential ties to one's ethnicity will coalesce and will interfere with ties to civil society. Ethnic groups will consequently always threaten the survival of civil governments but not the existence of nations formed by one ethnic group. Thus, when considered through a primordial lens, ethnic conflict in multi-ethnic society is inevitable.A number of political scientists argue that the root causes of ethnic conflict do not involve ethnicity per se but rather institutional, political, and economic factors. These scholars argue that the concept of ethnic war is misleading because it leads to an conclusion that certain groups are doomed to fight each other when in fact the wars between them that occur are often the result of political decisions.Moreover, primordial accounts do not account for the spatial and temporal variations in ethnic violence. If these 'ancient hatreds' are always simmering under the surface and are at the forefront of people's consciousness, then ethnic groups should constantly be ensnared in violence.
However, ethnic violence occurs in sporadic outbursts. For example, Varshney points out that although Yugoslavia broke up due to ethnic violence in the 1990s, it had enjoyed a long peace of decades before the USSR collapsed. Therefore, some scholars claim that it is unlikely that primordial ethnic differences alone caused the outbreak of violence in the 1990s.Primordialists have reformulated the 'ancient hatreds' hypothesis and have focused more on the role of human nature. Peterson argues that the existence of hatred and animosity does not have to be rooted in history for it to play a role in shaping human behavior and action: 'If 'ancient hatred' means a hatred consuming the daily thoughts of great masses of people, then the 'ancient hatreds' argument deserves to be readily dismissed.
However, if hatred is conceived as a historically formed 'schema' that guides action in some situations, then the conception should be taken more seriously.' Instrumentalist accounts notes that the instrumentalist account 'came to prominence in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States, in the debate about (white) ethnic persistence in what was supposed to have been an effective melting pot'.
This new theory sought explained persistence as the result of the actions of community leaders, 'who used their cultural groups as sites of mass mobilization and as constituencies in their competition for power and resources, because they found them more effective than social classes'. In this account of ethnic identification, ethnicity and race are viewed as instrumental means to achieve particular ends.Whether is a fixed perception or not is not crucial in the instrumentalist accounts. Moreover, the scholars of this school generally do not oppose the view that ethnic difference plays a part in many conflicts. They simply claim that ethnic difference is not sufficient to explain conflicts.Mass mobilization of ethnic groups can only be successful if there are latent ethnic differences to be exploited, otherwise politicians would not even attempt to make political appeals based on ethnicity and would focus instead on economic or ideological appeals. Hence, it is difficult to completely discount the role of inherent ethnic differences. Additionally, ethnic entrepreneurs, or elites, could be tempted to mobilize ethnic groups in order to gain their political support in democratizing states.
Instrumentalists theorists especially emphasize this interpretation in ethnic states in which one ethnic group is promoted at the expense of other ethnicities.Furthermore, ethnic mass mobilization is likely to be plagued by collective action problems, especially if ethnic protests are likely to lead to violence. Instrumentalist scholars have tried to respond to these shortcomings. For example, Hardin argues that ethnic mobilization faces problems of coordination and not collective action. He points out that a charismatic leader acts as a focal point around which members of an ethnic group coalesce. The existence of such an actor helps to clarify beliefs about the behavior of others within an ethnic group. Constructivist accounts A third, constructivist, set of accounts stress the importance of the socially constructed nature of ethnic groups, drawing on 's concept of the.
Proponents of this account point to as an example because the / distinction was codified by the in the 1930s on the basis of cattle ownership, physical measurements and church records. Identity cards were issued on this basis, and these documents played a key role in the of 1994.Some argue that constructivist narratives of historical master cleavages are unable to account for local and regional variations in ethnic violence. For example, Varshney highlights that in the 1960s 'racial violence in the USA was heavily concentrated in northern cities; southern cities though intensely politically engaged, did not have riots'. A constructivist master narrative is often a country level variable whereas we often have to study incidences of ethnic violence at the regional and local level.Scholars of ethnic conflict and have introduced theories that draw insights from all three traditional schools of thought. In The Geography of Ethnic Violence, for example, Monica Duffy Toft shows how ethnic group settlement patterns, socially constructed identities, charismatic leaders, issue indivisibility, and state concern with precedent setting can lead rational actors to escalate a dispute to violence, even when doing so is likely to leave contending groups much worse off. Such research addresses empirical puzzles that are difficult to explain using primordialist, instrumentalist, or constructivist approaches alone.
As Varshney notes, 'pure essentialists and pure instrumentalists do not exist anymore'. Study in the post-Cold War world The end of the Cold War thus sparked interest in two important questions about ethnic conflict: whether ethnic conflict was on the rise and whether given that some ethnic conflicts had escalated into serious violence, what, if anything, could scholars of large-scale violence (security studies, strategic studies, interstate politics) offer by way of explanation. One of the most debated issues relating to ethnic conflict is whether it has become more or less prevalent in the post–Cold War period. At the end of the Cold War, academics including and predicted a proliferation of conflicts fueled by, and.The post–Cold War period has witnessed a number of ethnically-informed, predominantly within the former communist states.
Conflicts have involved secessionist movements in the, in, in, and in. Outside the former communist bloc, ethno-separatist strife in the same period has occurred in areas such as, the, and Hazaras in Afghanistan under the Taliban. However, some theorists contend that this does not represent a rise in the incidence of ethnic conflict, because many of the fought during the Cold War as ethnic conflicts were actually hot spots of the Cold War. Research shows that the fall of and the increase in the number of capitalist states were accompanied by a decline in total warfare, interstate wars, wars, wars, and the number of. Indeed, some scholars have questioned whether the concept of ethnic conflict is useful at all. Varshney, Ashutosh (2002). Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India.
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.borders of most of states there exist numerous ethnic, national, racial, linguistic or cultural groups. In other words, the majority of states are composed of more than one ethnic group. Sometimes these groups are not accepted as full members of this state or the nation, which it purports to be or presented, or who actually excluded from it. In such circumstance number of ethnic groups demands more rights and recognition that leads in many cases to ethnic conflict If not checked, ethnic conflicts are contagious and can spread quickly across borders like cancer cells.THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO ETHNICITY AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Ethnic groups are defined as a community of people who share cultural and linguistic characteristics including history, tradition, myth, and origin. Scholars have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to ethnicity and ethnic conflict for a long time. Some, like Donald Horowitz, Ted Gurr, Donald Rothschild and Edward Azar, agree that the ethnic conflicts experienced today especially in Africa are deep rooted.
These conflicts over race, religion, language and identity have become so complex that they are difficult to resolve or manage. Ethnicity has a strong influence on one's status in a community.Chapter 4: Conflict in Multi- Ethnic Societies1.The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic ConflictsScholars of International Security have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to explain the causes of ethnic conflict for a long time. These studies have led to contentious debates but have also probed so deeply that their findings help shed new light on these issues, providing better understanding and possible solutions. Ethnic groups are defined as a community of people who share cultural and linguistic characteristics including religion, language, history, tradition, myth, and origin. This paper will explore the realist explanations of ethnic conflicts and then see how critical theory explanations offer new insight and answers to puzzles that could not be previously be explained. It will then explore several of the possible solutions used to end incidents of ethnic violence.
Finally, it will focus on the debate surrounding partition as a possible solution to ethnic conflict, concluding that it is in fact a viable option for peace when implemented judiciously.According to realist explanations, ethnic conflicts are deeply rooted in cognitive and situational needs. In his article, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” realist scholar Barry Posen claims that.Cooperation under the security dilemmaThis summary needs formatting (i.e. Can you help us improve it? (Formatting help.) Please volunteer.Jervis. Cooperation under the security dilemma.
World Politics 30: 167-214.mostly from handoutPUZZLEAnarchy and the security dilemma make cooperation seemingly impossible. Why would states cooperate anyway? Presumably, there must be some mechanism which allows states to bind themselves (and partners) not to 'defect,' or at least some mechanism by which to detect defection early enough to respond appropriately. (170-171)MAIN VARIABLES AND PREDICTIONSJervis identifies two main variables, the offense/defense balance X1 and the ability to distinguish between offensive/defensive postures X2. Using these two variables he creates a two-by-two matrix with four possible strategic environments:1Offensive/Defensive posture indistinguishable - Offensive advantageThis world is very dangerous because countries have an incentive to take offensive action to increase their security and they have an inherent mistrust of each other because they cannot determine their neighbors' intentions from their actions.
The security dilemma is strong in this environment2Offensive/Defensive posture indistinguishable Defensive advantageThe security.Ethnic Conflict DBQOver the course of the years world history has continued to change. New conflicts are constantly developing. In order to keep these conflicts under control special foundations and laws such as the United Nations and the Declaration of Human Rights have been founded. Despite the creation of the United Nations and the issuance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, conflict has continued in the post-World War II era. The attempts at keeping peace have and have not been effective since conflicts around the world keep reoccurringAlthough the severity of ethnic conflict has been improved by the making of the United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is still a major issue in some parts of the world. A major conflict arose in a central African country called Rwanda. In Rwanda there were two tribes called the Hutus and the Tutsis.
The break out of the genocide was an effect of longstanding competition and rivalry between the Hutu people who had come to power during this rebellion and the Tutsi people who were being targeted in the genocide. The Hutu people were not always in power in Rwanda (Doc. During the time of Belgium colonial power in Rwanda the Tutsis took over the land and held control over the Hutus. Once the colonial power left Rwanda the Hutus took power.
After the Hutus took power. CONFLICT OF ETHNIC GROUPSPsyc450Christopher A. PageJanuary 20th, 2013There are many people in the world that are at war with each other and it’s a shame to see so many different types of ethnic groups that are so much different but on the other hand have a lot of things that are in common. Since the beginning of time there has always been some kind of jealousy or arguments between ethnic groups and each of their ways of lives can be a bit different which can cause hate crimes and such to each of the different ethnic groups. Psychology can come into play to help solve some of the problems that can occur between two ethnic groups.
Cross-cultural psychology is a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. (Shiraev & Levy, 2010) So in other words we as a whole can use cross culture psychology to help determine the human behavior and why a certain ethnic group can think about another one just because of the differences the two may have. Some of the differences between two ethnic groups can be religion. Not all cultures or ethnic groups pray or believe in the same God in the same way.
(Shiraev & Levy, 2010) An example of this would be in the United States we have so many different types of religions that can.Name:Name of Instructor:Subject:Date:Ethnic Conflict in RwandaThe 1994 genocide in Rwanda is, by all accounts, the worst war related disaster since the dropping of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki in World War II. In Rwanda, 800,000 people died in less than one hundred days. As the well wishers of Europe and the United States turned a blind eye to what was happening in Rwanda, thousands of machete-wielding youths turned Rwanda into a mass grave. Although, the United Nations sent its peacekeepers they were few, severely underfunded, and with a mandate limited only to self defense and protection of foreign interests.
In short, the peacekeepers could only watch helplessly as the Rwandese butchered each other. By considering Gourevitch’s arguments, this essay analyzes the reasons why the Europe and the United States turned a blind eye to the genocide in Rwanda. It will also outline the strengths and weaknesses of those arguments, and finally put forward arguments that UN officials should have made in order to convince Europe and the United States to intervene in Rwanda.GOUREVITCH’S ARGUMENTSThe economic underdevelopment of Rwanda made the well-wishers of Europe and the United States doubt the Hutu government’s capacity to carry out systematic attacks aimed at exterminating the Tutsi’s. To them Rwanda was a third world country and, as such, it did not have the economic muscle required in the commission of genocide.
They compared Rwanda with. Ethnic Conflict in North East India- in light of ‘Ratna Bharali Talukdar’s “JEREI HAGRAMAYA GAWO”Bharadwaj GogoiAsst. Of EnglishNorth Bank College, GhilamaraINTRODUCTION:-Jerei Hagramaya Gawo which literally means “the way forest weeps” is a noteworthy novel by Ratna Bharali Talukdar whose central theme is based on the ethnic conflicts prevailing in North East India. Though the novel is published in October 2012, the basis of the story was the conflict between the Bodos and the ‘Aadivasis’ in the nineties. The co-existence of the Bodos and other tribes is not a new chapter in the history of Assam. But as time has passed these indigenous sons of the land are agitated. The age long repression of the central, the insurgencies, and the difference of thought between the different generations etc have created an environment of restlessness in the region.
We can name the conflicts that have taken place from time to time during the nineties in the North Eastern region of India e.g. The 1996 riots in lower Assam Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Dhubri between the Bodo’s and the Aadivasis, the 1998 riot between the Bodo’s and the minorities Muslims, the 2003 riot between the Maar and the Dimasa’s in North Kachar, the 2005 riot in Karbi Anglong between the Karbi’s and the Dimasa’s, the Muslim and the Bodo riot in Udalgudi.